There is scattered evidence that home prices are finally starting to slow down. But, if the phenomenon is system-wide, we’re still waiting to see the evidence in numbers. Last week, the most recent Case-Shiller national data, for example, showed that home prices in March rose an eye-popping 20 percent year over year. That’s well in excess of what we saw during the height of the housing bubble leading up to the 2008 financial crisis.
That makes nine months in a row that year-over-year growth has been above 18 percent. Asset price inflation in residential real estate has been compounding at more than 5 percent per year for most years of the past decade, and price growth accelerated to historic highs over the past two years. Yet, remarkably, there’s still no evidence of any real movement in the homeownership rate, even among younger cohorts.
For the first quarter of this year, the Census Bureau estimates that the homeownership was 65.4 percent. That’s down slightly from the last quarter of 2021, when the rate was 65.5 percent. Year over year the rate barely budged, with an estimated homeownership rate of 65.6 percent for the first quarter of last year.
Source: US Census Bureau.
Basically, month after month of soaring home prices hasn’t done much to the proportion of homeowners.
There are a few reasons for this. One issue is too much aggregation. Rising home prices aren’t exactly pushing older homeowners off the market. So, we need to focus more on younger cohorts, who tend to be the dominant group among first-time home buyers.
Second, even with soaring prices, prospective home buyers have benefited greatly—until very recently—from rock-bottom mortgage rates. Third, it appears American households have managed to pile on more and more debt, which has also staved off any sizable changes to home buying.
So what would really impact the homeownership rate? We’d need to see a lot more than just rising prices. We’d need to see a significant period of rising interest rates. This would make debt more expensive and truly cut off more households from home buying. We’d also probably need to see some real job losses. For now, the growing gap between home prices and real wages is being papered over by rising debt levels. That can’t go on forever, but the employment situation—a lagging economic indicator—has yet to take a bite out of affordability.
Historical and Demographic Perspective
Is the homeownership rate “high” right now? In the American context, it is pretty high. Over the past fifty years, the homeownership rate has rarely risen much above 65 percent. The biggest exception is the housing bubble period lasting from the very late nineties to 2009.
In a longer historical context, homeownership in today’s age of rampant asset price inflation continues to be well above what was common before the Second World War.
Source: US Census Bureau.
Although many Americans perhaps assume homeownership was very widespread in the “good old days” when the family farm was common, this is not accurate. By the late nineteenth century, industrialization and urbanization had already encouraged both the formation of new types of households and the need for rental housing. A great many Americans in that period depended on boarding houses and residential hotels for lodging.
Census data shows that in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the homeownership rate came in under 50 percent. It was only after the war that homeownership rates finally surpassed 60 percent and stayed there.
Moreover, ample evidence suggests that marriage rates are a sizable factor in homeownership rates. For example, the median age for first marriages declined from the 1890s through the 1950s. Homeownership rates increased by more than 10 percent during this period, although marriage rates certainly weren’t the only factor.
Source: US Census Bureau.
Conversely, the median age for the first marriage has risen to new highs in most years since the late 1990s. This has almost certainly put downward pressure on homeownership rates. This is suggested by the fact that homeownership rates for married couples have historically been well above overall homeownership rates.
What Would It Take to Make the Homeownership Rate Really Fall?
So, even with demographic trends and historic growth in home prices working against homeownership, we’re still not seeing homeownership rates fall to levels outside the “norm” for the past five or six decades.
Why do we see so little movement?
Part of the reason is ultralow mortgage rates have made it possible to take on more mortgage debt. Indeed, although homeownership rates declined from 2006 to 2016, rates were nonetheless buoyed by historic lows in mortgage rates during this time. Moreover, in late 2018, homeownership rates began to rise notably again as the average mortgage rate fell below 3 percent. Mortgage rates plummeted even further as the central bank turned on the easy-money spigot during the Covid Panic in 2020.
Source: Freddie Mac.
But mortgage rates have risen from 3 percent to above 5 percent in recent months. Will this be enough to really start pushing people away from buying homes? It’s still much too early to know. Even facing sky-high home prices, Americans may still be able to take on more mortgage debt at higher rates by shifting costs to consumer debt. We are seeing, after all, consumer borrowing heading upward at breakneck speed. The New York Fed also reports that overall household debt is heading up at rates not seen since before the Great Recession.
Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
This is being felt most in the younger age groups—the people most likely to be “priced out” of homes by rising prices. For example, in the New York Fed’s credit report, total debt balance increased by more than 12 percent for people in the 30–39 age group. That’s the highest growth rate since 2006. Growth for the 18–29 age group also is back at housing bubble levels.
Source: New York Federal Reserve Bank.
In short, home buying is being helped along by new, larger layers of debt. This will be unsustainable, however, if interest rates cease to remain near historic lows. Household budgets are already strained by Consumer Price Index inflation in groceries and gasoline. Rising debt service costs would overwhelm household budgets.
Interest rates are heading up but aren’t exactly soaring upward to points where an immediate and large impact are obvious. The ten-year Treasury, for example, is still barely above 3 percent.
Finally, even if rising debt costs coupled with rising prices finally drive first-time home buyers away from purchases in huge numbers, it will still take a while to see that in the aggregate numbers. After all, elderly homeowners are still a large part of the market, and it will take a lot more than rising mortgage rates to drive them out of homeownership. Rather, we’ll start to see the impact of declining affordability confined largely to the younger age groups. We have already seen this at work.
Here are homeownership rates indexed to the 1982 rate:
Source: US Census Bureau.
While homeownership rates for married couples in the “under 35” group have held steady for the past forty years, homeownership is actually down for the “under 35” group overall. If homeownership starts to really take a hit due to rising interest rates and stagnant real wages, we’ll likely see it here first.
Finally, one big lesson from all this is that decades of subsidizing homeownership haven’t actually moved the needle in about fifty years. After many years of both fiscal and monetary policy explicitly designed to drive up homeownership, many Americans—especially younger groups—are only finding it possible to buy a home by taking on more and more debt of all sorts.
This, however, should not surprise us. It’s the Fed’s low-interest/high-debt monetary policy in action. Skyrocketing asset prices are great for hedge fund managers and Wall Street types, but the policies increasingly drive ordinary people into debt. Central bankers appear confident that they can manage the situation, but given their track record in recent years, there is good reason for young families to suspect homeownership may soon be out of reach.
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